LaboratoryPanel
A diagnostic report containing a panel of related laboratory test results with overall interpretation. Groups individual results for common test batteries providing comprehensive laboratory reporting.
Overview
LaboratoryPanel aggregates multiple related laboratory results into a single report. Common panels include CBC (complete blood count), BMP (basic metabolic panel), CMP (comprehensive metabolic panel), and lipid panels. The panel includes individual results, overall status, pathologist interpretation, and validation information. Panels support efficient ordering, reporting, and clinical review of related tests.
Key Concepts
Panel Status
The status field tracks report lifecycle:
| Status | Description | Result Reliability |
|---|---|---|
registered | Order received | No results yet |
partial | Some results ready | Incomplete |
preliminary | Pending verification | May change |
final | Verified complete | Actionable |
amended | Modified after final | Updated values |
corrected | Error corrected | Revised values |
appended | Additional info added | Supplementary |
cancelled | Cancelled | No results |
Panel Coding
The code field identifies the panel type using Coding:
- LOINC panel codes (e.g., 58410-2 for CBC)
- Enables standard ordering
- Supports quality metrics
- Facilitates data exchange
Component Results
The results array contains LaboratoryResult:
- Each individual test result
- Own reference ranges
- Individual interpretations
- Linked to same specimens
Result Aggregation
Calculated fields summarize panel status:
resultCount- Total tests in panelabnormalCount- Number outside normalcriticalCount- Number at critical levelshasAbnormals- Any abnormal flaghasCriticals- Any critical flag
Clinical Interpretation
The pathologist's assessment:
conclusion- Narrative interpretationconclusionCode- Coded diagnosis- Synthesizes individual results
- Provides clinical guidance
Timing
Important timestamps:
effectiveDateTime- When specimen collectedissued- When report releasedvalidatedDateTime- When validated
Validation
Quality assurance fields:
validatedBy- Reviewing pathologistvalidatedDateTime- Validation time- Ensures accuracy before release
- Required for final status
Report Format
The presentedForm field:
- URL to formatted PDF report
- Suitable for printing
- Patient-friendly format
- Archive-ready document
Use Cases
CBC Panel
For complete blood count:
- Order CBC panel
- Results include WBC, RBC, Hgb, Hct, Plt
- Each component has interpretation
- Panel conclusion: "Mild anemia"
- Pathologist validates
- Report released as final
Metabolic Panel
For chemistry panel:
- Order BMP or CMP
- Includes glucose, electrolytes, kidney function
- Flag abnormal values
- Provide renal function assessment
- Calculate eGFR
- Release with interpretation
Lipid Panel
For cardiovascular risk:
- Require fasting specimen
- Include total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides
- Calculate risk ratios
- Provide cardiovascular assessment
- Compare to targets
- Guide therapy recommendations
Critical Result Handling
When panel contains criticals:
- Flag
hasCriticals: true - Prioritize validation
- Immediate provider notification
- Document notification time
- Release preliminary results
- Finalize after verification
Amended Results
When corrections needed:
- Update status to
amendedorcorrected - Document reason for change
- Preserve original values
- Re-validate with pathologist
- Notify ordering provider
- Update clinical record
Related Entities
| Entity | Relationship | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Patient | References | Who panel is for |
| Encounter | References | Visit context |
| LaboratoryOrder | References | Original order |
| LaboratoryResult | Contains many | Individual test results |
| Specimen | Contains many | Specimens tested |
| Facility | References | Performing laboratory |
| Practitioner | References | Validating pathologist |
| Coding | Contains | Panel code and conclusion |
| ClinicalIdentifier | Contains | Report identifiers |
Calculated Fields
| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
resultCount | number | Total number of individual results in panel |
abnormalCount | number | Count of results outside normal range |
criticalCount | number | Count of critically abnormal results |
hasAbnormals | boolean | True if any result is abnormal |
hasCriticals | boolean | True if any result is critical |
Enums
status
| Value | Description |
|---|---|
registered | Panel ordered but no results yet available |
partial | Some but not all component results are available |
preliminary | Results available but pending final verification |
final | Panel complete, validated, and ready for clinical use |
amended | Results modified after final release |
corrected | Results corrected due to error |
appended | Additional information added to final report |
cancelled | Panel order cancelled, no results generated |
entered-in-error | Panel created in error |
unknown | Panel status cannot be determined |
Properties
| Property | Type | Mode | Description | Required |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| identifier | ClinicalIdentifier[] | stored | Unique business identifiers assigned to this laboratory panel by the ordering system, performing laboratory, or other clinical systems for tracking and reference purposes Example: | Optional |
| patient | Patient | stored | Reference to the patient for whom this laboratory panel was performed and whose specimens were tested Example: | Required |
| encounter | Encounter | stored | Reference to the healthcare encounter during which this laboratory panel was ordered, linking the diagnostic report to the clinical context of the visit Example: | Optional |
| order | LaboratoryOrder | stored | Reference to the laboratory order that requested this panel, linking the results back to the original clinical request and ordering provider Example: | Optional |
| status | string | stored | Current status of the laboratory panel in its lifecycle, indicating whether results are preliminary, final, or have been modified after initial release Values: Example: | Required |
| code | Coding | stored | Standardized code identifying the type of laboratory panel performed, typically using LOINC codes for common test batteries like CBC, BMP, or comprehensive metabolic panel Example: | Required |
| effectiveDateTime | DateTime | stored | Date and time when the specimen was collected from the patient, representing the clinically relevant time for interpreting the test results | Optional |
| issued | DateTime | stored | Date and time when the laboratory panel report was released and made available to ordering providers, marking when results became actionable | Required |
| performer | Facility | stored | Reference to the laboratory facility or organization that performed the tests and produced the panel results Example: | Optional |
| results | LaboratoryResult[] | stored | Collection of individual laboratory test results that comprise this panel, each containing specific measurements, values, and interpretations for a single analyte or test component Example: | Optional |
| specimen | Specimen[] | stored | Collection of specimens collected from the patient and used to perform the tests in this panel, including details about specimen type, collection method, and handling Example: | Optional |
| conclusion | string | stored | Free-text clinical interpretation and summary of the panel results, providing the reviewing pathologist or laboratory director's overall assessment and any clinically significant findings | Optional |
| conclusionCode | Coding | stored | Coded representation of the conclusion or diagnosis derived from the panel results, using standard terminology like SNOMED CT for structured data exchange Example: | Optional |
| presentedForm | string | stored | URL or reference to the formatted laboratory report in PDF or other presentation format, suitable for printing, electronic distribution, or inclusion in the medical record | Optional |
| validatedBy | Practitioner | stored | Reference to the pathologist, laboratory director, or qualified healthcare professional who reviewed and validated the panel results before final release Example: | Optional |
| validatedDateTime | DateTime | stored | Date and time when the panel results were reviewed and validated by a qualified professional, marking the completion of quality assurance processes | Optional |
| resultCount | number | calculated | Total number of individual test results included in this laboratory panel, calculated from the length of the results array | Optional |
| abnormalCount | number | calculated | Count of individual test results that fall outside the normal reference range, indicating values that require clinical attention or follow-up | Optional |
| criticalCount | number | calculated | Count of individual test results that are critically abnormal and require immediate clinical notification and intervention according to laboratory critical value policies | Optional |
| hasAbnormals | boolean | calculated | Indicator flag showing whether any test results in the panel are outside normal reference ranges, enabling quick identification of panels requiring clinical review | Optional |
| hasCriticals | boolean | calculated | Indicator flag showing whether any test results in the panel are critically abnormal, alerting clinicians to potentially life-threatening values requiring immediate action | Optional |
Examples
Example 1
{
"@type": "LaboratoryPanel",
"identifier": [
{
"system": "http://hospital.org/lab-reports",
"value": "LAB-2024-001234"
}
],
"patient": {
"@type": "Patient",
"@id": "patient-12345"
},
"encounter": {
"@type": "Encounter",
"@id": "encounter-67890"
},
"order": {
"@type": "LaboratoryOrder",
"@id": "order-98765"
},
"status": "final",
"code": {
"system": "http://loinc.org",
"code": "58410-2",
"display": "Complete blood count (hemogram) panel - Blood by Automated count"
},
"effectiveDateTime": "2024-01-15T08:30:00Z",
"issued": "2024-01-15T14:45:00Z",
"performer": {
"@type": "Facility",
"@id": "lab-central"
},
"results": [
{
"@type": "LaboratoryResult",
"@id": "result-wbc",
"code": {
"system": "http://loinc.org",
"code": "6690-2",
"display": "Leukocytes [#/volume] in Blood by Automated count"
},
"valueQuantity": {
"value": 7.2,
"unit": "10*3/uL"
},
"interpretation": "normal"
},
{
"@type": "LaboratoryResult",
"@id": "result-rbc",
"code": {
"system": "http://loinc.org",
"code": "789-8",
"display": "Erythrocytes [#/volume] in Blood by Automated count"
},
"valueQuantity": {
"value": 4.1,
"unit": "10*6/uL"
},
"interpretation": "low"
},
{
"@type": "LaboratoryResult",
"@id": "result-hgb",
"code": {
"system": "http://loinc.org",
"code": "718-7",
"display": "Hemoglobin [Mass/volume] in Blood"
},
"valueQuantity": {
"value": 11.8,
"unit": "g/dL"
},
"interpretation": "low"
},
{
"@type": "LaboratoryResult",
"@id": "result-hct",
"code": {
"system": "http://loinc.org",
"code": "4544-3",
"display": "Hematocrit [Volume Fraction] of Blood by Automated count"
},
"valueQuantity": {
"value": 35.2,
"unit": "%"
},
"interpretation": "normal"
},
{
"@type": "LaboratoryResult",
"@id": "result-mcv",
"code": {
"system": "http://loinc.org",
"code": "787-2",
"display": "MCV [Entitic volume] by Automated count"
},
"valueQuantity": {
"value": 86,
"unit": "fL"
},
"interpretation": "normal"
},
{
"@type": "LaboratoryResult",
"@id": "result-plt",
"code": {
"system": "http://loinc.org",
"code": "777-3",
"display": "Platelets [#/volume] in Blood by Automated count"
},
"valueQuantity": {
"value": 245,
"unit": "10*3/uL"
},
"interpretation": "normal"
}
],
"specimen": [
{
"@type": "Specimen",
"@id": "specimen-blood-001",
"type": {
"system": "http://snomed.info/sct",
"code": "122555007",
"display": "Venous blood specimen"
}
}
],
"conclusion": "Complete blood count shows mild anemia with normocytic, normochromic red blood cells. White blood cell count and differential are within normal limits. Platelet count is adequate.",
"conclusionCode": {
"system": "http://snomed.info/sct",
"code": "271737000",
"display": "Anemia"
},
"presentedForm": "https://hospital.org/lab-reports/LAB-2024-001234.pdf",
"validatedBy": {
"@type": "Practitioner",
"@id": "pathologist-456"
},
"validatedDateTime": "2024-01-15T14:30:00Z",
"_comment": "resultCount: 6, abnormalCount: 2, criticalCount: 0, hasAbnormals: true, hasCriticals: false"
}Example 2
{
"@type": "LaboratoryPanel",
"identifier": [
{
"system": "http://hospital.org/lab-reports",
"value": "LAB-2024-002456"
}
],
"patient": {
"@type": "Patient",
"@id": "patient-54321"
},
"encounter": {
"@type": "Encounter",
"@id": "encounter-11223"
},
"order": {
"@type": "LaboratoryOrder",
"@id": "order-44556"
},
"status": "final",
"code": {
"system": "http://loinc.org",
"code": "24323-8",
"display": "Comprehensive metabolic 2000 panel - Serum or Plasma"
},
"effectiveDateTime": "2024-01-16T07:15:00Z",
"issued": "2024-01-16T10:30:00Z",
"performer": {
"@type": "Facility",
"@id": "lab-central"
},
"results": [
{
"@type": "LaboratoryResult",
"@id": "result-glucose",
"code": {
"system": "http://loinc.org",
"code": "2345-7",
"display": "Glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma"
},
"valueQuantity": {
"value": 95,
"unit": "mg/dL"
},
"interpretation": "normal"
},
{
"@type": "LaboratoryResult",
"@id": "result-sodium",
"code": {
"system": "http://loinc.org",
"code": "2951-2",
"display": "Sodium [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma"
},
"valueQuantity": {
"value": 140,
"unit": "mmol/L"
},
"interpretation": "normal"
},
{
"@type": "LaboratoryResult",
"@id": "result-potassium",
"code": {
"system": "http://loinc.org",
"code": "2823-3",
"display": "Potassium [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma"
},
"valueQuantity": {
"value": 4.2,
"unit": "mmol/L"
},
"interpretation": "normal"
},
{
"@type": "LaboratoryResult",
"@id": "result-creatinine",
"code": {
"system": "http://loinc.org",
"code": "2160-0",
"display": "Creatinine [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma"
},
"valueQuantity": {
"value": 1.1,
"unit": "mg/dL"
},
"interpretation": "normal"
},
{
"@type": "LaboratoryResult",
"@id": "result-bun",
"code": {
"system": "http://loinc.org",
"code": "3094-0",
"display": "Urea nitrogen [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma"
},
"valueQuantity": {
"value": 18,
"unit": "mg/dL"
},
"interpretation": "normal"
}
],
"specimen": [
{
"@type": "Specimen",
"@id": "specimen-serum-002",
"type": {
"system": "http://snomed.info/sct",
"code": "119364003",
"display": "Serum specimen"
}
}
],
"conclusion": "Basic metabolic panel results are all within normal limits. Kidney function and electrolytes are normal.",
"presentedForm": "https://hospital.org/lab-reports/LAB-2024-002456.pdf",
"validatedBy": {
"@type": "Practitioner",
"@id": "pathologist-789"
},
"validatedDateTime": "2024-01-16T10:15:00Z",
"_comment": "resultCount: 5, abnormalCount: 0, criticalCount: 0, hasAbnormals: false, hasCriticals: false"
}Example 3
{
"@type": "LaboratoryPanel",
"identifier": [
{
"system": "http://hospital.org/lab-reports",
"value": "LAB-2024-003789"
}
],
"patient": {
"@type": "Patient",
"@id": "patient-99887"
},
"encounter": {
"@type": "Encounter",
"@id": "encounter-77665"
},
"order": {
"@type": "LaboratoryOrder",
"@id": "order-33221"
},
"status": "final",
"code": {
"system": "http://loinc.org",
"code": "57698-3",
"display": "Lipid panel with direct LDL - Serum or Plasma"
},
"effectiveDateTime": "2024-01-17T08:00:00Z",
"issued": "2024-01-17T12:20:00Z",
"performer": {
"@type": "Facility",
"@id": "lab-central"
},
"results": [
{
"@type": "LaboratoryResult",
"@id": "result-cholesterol",
"code": {
"system": "http://loinc.org",
"code": "2093-3",
"display": "Cholesterol [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma"
},
"valueQuantity": {
"value": 245,
"unit": "mg/dL"
},
"interpretation": "high"
},
{
"@type": "LaboratoryResult",
"@id": "result-ldl",
"code": {
"system": "http://loinc.org",
"code": "18262-6",
"display": "Cholesterol in LDL [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma by Direct assay"
},
"valueQuantity": {
"value": 165,
"unit": "mg/dL"
},
"interpretation": "high"
},
{
"@type": "LaboratoryResult",
"@id": "result-hdl",
"code": {
"system": "http://loinc.org",
"code": "2085-9",
"display": "Cholesterol in HDL [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma"
},
"valueQuantity": {
"value": 42,
"unit": "mg/dL"
},
"interpretation": "low"
},
{
"@type": "LaboratoryResult",
"@id": "result-triglycerides",
"code": {
"system": "http://loinc.org",
"code": "2571-8",
"display": "Triglyceride [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma"
},
"valueQuantity": {
"value": 190,
"unit": "mg/dL"
},
"interpretation": "high"
}
],
"specimen": [
{
"@type": "Specimen",
"@id": "specimen-serum-003",
"type": {
"system": "http://snomed.info/sct",
"code": "119364003",
"display": "Serum specimen"
},
"collection": {
"collectedDateTime": "2024-01-17T08:00:00Z",
"fastingStatus": "fasting"
}
}
],
"conclusion": "Lipid panel shows elevated total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol with low HDL cholesterol and borderline high triglycerides. Patient is at increased cardiovascular risk. Recommend lifestyle modifications and consider statin therapy per current guidelines.",
"conclusionCode": {
"system": "http://snomed.info/sct",
"code": "13644009",
"display": "Hypercholesterolemia"
},
"presentedForm": "https://hospital.org/lab-reports/LAB-2024-003789.pdf",
"validatedBy": {
"@type": "Practitioner",
"@id": "pathologist-456"
},
"validatedDateTime": "2024-01-17T12:10:00Z",
"_comment": "resultCount: 4, abnormalCount: 4, criticalCount: 0, hasAbnormals: true, hasCriticals: false"
}