PatientBloodType

Reference data entity for blood type classification including ABO group and Rh factor. Critical for transfusion compatibility, surgical preparation, and pregnancy management.

Overview

PatientBloodType defines the standard blood type classifications used in healthcare. Blood typing is essential for safe blood transfusions, organ transplants, and managing Rh incompatibility during pregnancy. The entity captures both the combined code (e.g., "O+") and the separate ABO group and Rh factor components for flexible querying.

Key Concepts

Blood Type Components

Each blood type consists of two parts:

Component	Values	Purpose
ABO Group	A, B, AB, O	Determines antigen presence on red blood cells
Rh Factor	positive, negative	Determines presence of Rh(D) antigen

ABO Blood Groups

Group	Antigens	Antibodies	Can Donate To	Can Receive From
A	A antigen	Anti-B	A, AB	A, O
B	B antigen	Anti-A	B, AB	B, O
AB	A and B	None	AB only	All (universal recipient)
O	None	Anti-A, Anti-B	All (universal donor)	O only

Rh Factor

Positive (+): Rh(D) antigen present - can receive Rh+ or Rh- blood
Negative (-): No Rh(D) antigen - should only receive Rh- blood

Standard Blood Types

Code	ABO Group	Rh Factor	Population Frequency
O+	O	positive	~37% (most common)
A+	A	positive	~36%
B+	B	positive	~8%
AB+	AB	positive	~3%
O-	O	negative	~7% (universal donor)
A-	A	negative	~6%
B-	B	negative	~2%
AB-	AB	negative	~1% (rarest)

Use Cases

Pre-Transfusion Testing

Before blood transfusion:

Retrieve patient's documented blood type
Perform type and screen to verify
Cross-match with donor blood
Ensure ABO and Rh compatibility
Document verification in transfusion record

Surgical Preparation

When preparing for surgery:

Confirm patient blood type in record
Order type and screen if not recent
Reserve compatible blood units
Alert blood bank for complex cases
Document in surgical checklist

Pregnancy Management

For Rh-negative mothers:

Identify Rh-negative patients early in pregnancy
Test father's Rh status if available
Monitor for Rh sensitization
Administer RhoGAM prophylaxis as needed
Track antibody titers throughout pregnancy

Emergency Blood Administration

In trauma situations:

If blood type unknown, use O-negative (universal donor)
Draw sample for urgent type and screen
Switch to type-specific blood when available
Document emergency release protocol used

Related Entities

Entity	Relationship	Description
Patient	Referenced by	Patient records that store blood type

Enums

code

Value	Description
`A+`	Type A Positive - A antigens, Rh positive
`A-`	Type A Negative - A antigens, Rh negative
`B+`	Type B Positive - B antigens, Rh positive
`B-`	Type B Negative - B antigens, Rh negative
`AB+`	Type AB Positive - A and B antigens, Rh positive (universal plasma donor)
`AB-`	Type AB Negative - A and B antigens, Rh negative
`O+`	Type O Positive - No A/B antigens, Rh positive
`O-`	Type O Negative - No A/B antigens, Rh negative (universal red cell donor)

aboGroup

Value	Description
`A`	Type A - red blood cells have A antigens
`B`	Type B - red blood cells have B antigens
`AB`	Type AB - red blood cells have both A and B antigens
`O`	Type O - red blood cells have neither A nor B antigens

rhFactor

Value	Description
`positive`	Rh(D) antigen is present on red blood cells
`negative`	Rh(D) antigen is absent from red blood cells

4 properties

Schema

Properties

Property	Type	Mode	Description	Required
code	string	stored	Standardized blood type code Values: `A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O-` Example: `"O+"`	Required
aboGroup	string	stored	ABO blood group Values: `A, B, AB, O` Example: `"O"`	Required
rhFactor	string	stored	Rhesus factor (positive or negative) Values: `positive, negative` Example: `"positive"`	Required
label	string	stored	Human-readable display label Example: `"O Positive"`	Required

Examples

Example 1

{
  "@type": "PatientBloodType",
  "code": "O+",
  "aboGroup": "O",
  "rhFactor": "positive",
  "label": "O Positive"
}

Example 2

{
  "@type": "PatientBloodType",
  "code": "A-",
  "aboGroup": "A",
  "rhFactor": "negative",
  "label": "A Negative"
}

Example 3

{
  "@type": "PatientBloodType",
  "code": "AB+",
  "aboGroup": "AB",
  "rhFactor": "positive",
  "label": "AB Positive"
}