ClinicalAssessment

A formal clinical impression or assessment documenting a practitioner's evaluation of a patient's health status, problems, and prognosis. Captures clinical reasoning, investigation findings, identified problems, differential diagnoses, and recommended actions.

Overview

ClinicalAssessment represents a structured clinical evaluation that synthesizes all available patient information into a formal impression. It documents the assessor's clinical reasoning, the problems being evaluated, relevant investigations, key findings, prognosis, and recommended actions. This entity supports complex case reviews, specialist consultations, and comprehensive care planning where detailed clinical synthesis is required.

Key Concepts

Assessment Components

A complete clinical assessment includes:

ComponentFieldPurpose
ProblemsproblemConditions being evaluated (coded)
InvestigationsinvestigationTests and studies performed
FindingsfindingKey clinical observations
SummarysummarySynthesized clinical impression
PrognosisprognosisCode/TextExpected outcome
ActionsactionRecommended interventions

Assessment Status

The status field tracks document lifecycle:

StatusDescriptionUse Case
draftIn progressBeing composed
completedFinalizedReady for clinical use
entered-in-errorInvalidShould be disregarded

Problem Coding

The problem array uses Coding:

  • ICD-10 for diagnoses
  • SNOMED-CT for clinical findings
  • Multiple problems can be assessed together
  • Supports differential diagnosis documentation

Prognosis Classification

The prognosisCode field provides standardized outlook:

PrognosisDescriptionTypical Scenario
excellentVery favorable outcome expectedEarly-stage, highly treatable
goodFavorable outcome likelyWell-controlled condition
fairModerate outcome expectedSome complications possible
poorUnfavorable outlookAdvanced or complex disease
guardedUncertain, careful monitoringUnstable or unpredictable
terminalEnd-of-lifePalliative focus

Clinical Evidence

Supporting information includes:

  • investigation - Tests and diagnostic workup
  • finding - Key clinical observations
  • supportingInfo - Prior records and reports
  • protocol - Guidelines followed

Recommended Actions

The action array documents:

  • Treatment modifications
  • Referrals to specialists
  • Follow-up scheduling
  • Lifestyle recommendations
  • Further testing needed

Use Cases

New Diagnosis Assessment

When evaluating new condition:

  1. Document patient and encounter context
  2. Code the problem(s) being assessed
  3. List investigations performed
  4. Record significant findings
  5. Synthesize in summary
  6. Assign prognosis based on evidence
  7. Document recommended actions

Specialist Consultation

For consultant evaluations:

  1. Reference the encounter requesting consult
  2. Document consultation question as problem
  3. List specialist workup
  4. Provide expert findings
  5. Give formal assessment with prognosis
  6. Recommend treatment plan
  7. Note follow-up needs

Complex Case Review

For multidisciplinary assessment:

  1. List all problems being addressed
  2. Reference multiple investigations
  3. Document clinical protocols followed
  4. Synthesize complex findings
  5. Provide composite prognosis
  6. Coordinate multi-team actions
  7. Plan continued care

Periodic Disease Review

For chronic disease management:

  1. Assess disease progression
  2. Review recent investigations
  3. Compare to prior assessments
  4. Update prognosis as needed
  5. Adjust treatment plan
  6. Schedule monitoring

Pre-Operative Assessment

Before surgical procedures:

  1. Document surgical indication
  2. Review clearance investigations
  3. Assess surgical risk
  4. Provide operative prognosis
  5. Document anesthesia considerations
  6. Plan post-operative care

Related Entities

EntityRelationshipDescription
PatientReferencesSubject of assessment
EncounterReferencesContext of evaluation
PractitionerReferencesAssessor
CodingContainsProblem codes

Calculated Fields

FieldTypeDescription
isCompletebooleanTrue when status is completed
hasPrognosisbooleanTrue when prognosisCode is set

Enums

status

ValueDescription
draftAssessment is being composed and not yet finalized
completedAssessment has been finalized and is ready for clinical use
entered-in-errorAssessment was created in error and should be disregarded

prognosisCode

ValueDescription
excellentVery favorable outcome expected with high likelihood of full recovery or optimal control
goodFavorable outcome likely with appropriate treatment and management
fairModerate outcome expected, some complications or limitations possible
poorUnfavorable outlook with significant disease burden or limited treatment options
guardedUncertain prognosis requiring careful monitoring, outcome unpredictable
terminalEnd-of-life condition with focus shifting to palliative and comfort care
17 properties
Schema

Properties

PropertyTypeModeDescriptionRequired
patientHealthPatient
stored

Reference to the patient who is the subject of this clinical assessment. This is the individual whose health status, problems, and prognosis are being evaluated by the healthcare practitioner.

Example: "patient-12345"

Required
encounterHealthEncounter
stored

Reference to the healthcare encounter during which this assessment was performed. Links the assessment to the specific visit, admission, or consultation context in which the clinical evaluation occurred.

Example: "encounter-67890"

Optional
statusstring
stored

The current lifecycle status of this clinical assessment. Indicates whether the assessment is still being drafted, has been completed and finalized, or has been marked as entered in error and should be disregarded.

Values: draft, completed, entered-in-error

Example: "completed"

Required
assessmentDateTimeDateTime
stored

The date and time when this clinical assessment was made. Represents the specific moment when the practitioner formed their clinical impression based on available evidence and examination findings.

Example: "2024-03-15T14:30:00Z"

Required
assessorHealthPractitioner
stored

Reference to the healthcare practitioner who performed and documented this clinical assessment. The individual clinician responsible for the clinical judgment, interpretation of findings, and formulation of the impression.

Example: "practitioner-54321"

Required
problemCoding[]
stored

Array of coded problems, conditions, or diagnoses that are being assessed or considered in this clinical evaluation. Represents the health issues under investigation or requiring clinical judgment, typically coded using standard terminologies like ICD, SNOMED CT, or similar classification systems.

Example: "[{\"system\": \"http://snomed.info/sct\", \"code\": \"38341003\", \"display\": \"Hypertensive disorder\"}]"

Optional
investigationstring[]
stored

List of investigations, tests, or diagnostic procedures that were performed or reviewed as part of this clinical assessment. May include laboratory tests, imaging studies, diagnostic procedures, or other clinical investigations that informed the practitioner's clinical impression.

Example: "[\"Complete blood count\", \"Chest X-ray\", \"ECG\"]"

Optional
protocolstring[]
stored

Array of clinical protocols, guidelines, or pathways that were followed or referenced during this assessment. Documents the evidence-based frameworks or institutional policies that guided the clinical evaluation and decision-making process.

Example: "[\"NICE Hypertension Guidelines 2023\", \"Local Heart Failure Protocol\"]"

Optional
summarystring
stored

A comprehensive clinical summary that encapsulates the practitioner's overall assessment, clinical reasoning, and key conclusions. This narrative synthesizes the patient's presentation, investigation results, clinical findings, and the assessor's professional judgment into a coherent clinical picture.

Example: "Patient presents with uncontrolled hypertension despite dual therapy. Assessment reveals poorly controlled blood pressure with target organ involvement evidenced by left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG. Recommend treatment intensification and specialist cardiology review."

Required
findingstring[]
stored

Array of key clinical findings identified during the assessment. Documents specific observations, signs, symptoms, or results that are clinically significant and contribute to the overall clinical impression and decision-making.

Example: "[\"Blood pressure 165/95 mmHg\", \"Left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG\", \"Retinal changes grade 2\"]"

Optional
prognosisCodestring
stored

A coded representation of the clinical prognosis or expected outcome for the patient based on the current assessment. Provides a standardized categorization of the anticipated disease course, recovery potential, or long-term outlook.

Values: excellent, good, fair, poor, guarded, terminal

Example: "good"

Optional
prognosisTextstring
stored

A narrative explanation of the prognosis that provides context, nuance, and clinical reasoning behind the prognostic assessment. Offers detailed insights into expected outcomes, potential complications, and factors influencing the prognosis.

Example: "With appropriate treatment intensification and lifestyle modifications, prognosis for blood pressure control is good. Regular monitoring required to prevent cardiovascular complications."

Optional
supportingInfostring[]
stored

References to additional supporting information, documents, or resources that informed this clinical assessment. May include previous assessments, specialist reports, imaging results, or other clinical documentation that contributed to the current evaluation.

Example: "[\"Previous cardiology consultation 2023-12-10\", \"Echocardiogram report 2024-01-15\"]"

Optional
actionstring[]
stored

Array of recommended actions, interventions, or next steps resulting from this clinical assessment. Documents the care plan decisions, treatment modifications, referrals, or follow-up requirements based on the clinical impression.

Example: "[\"Add third antihypertensive agent\", \"Refer to cardiology\", \"Schedule follow-up in 2 weeks\"]"

Optional
notestring
stored

Additional clinical notes, comments, or observations that provide supplementary context or information not captured in other structured fields. Used for documenting nuances, special circumstances, or ancillary information relevant to the assessment.

Example: "Patient reports good medication adherence. Family history of early cardiovascular disease noted. Patient counseled on lifestyle modifications and importance of blood pressure monitoring."

Optional
isCompleteboolean
calculated

Computed flag indicating whether this clinical assessment has been completed and finalized. Returns true when the status is set to completed, signaling that the assessment is ready for clinical use and decision-making.

Example: "true"

Optional
hasPrognosisboolean
calculated

Computed flag indicating whether a formal prognosis has been assigned to this assessment. Returns true when a prognosisCode has been set, signaling that the assessor has provided a prognostic evaluation of the patient's condition.

Example: "true"

Optional

Examples

Example 1

{
  "@type": "ClinicalAssessment",
  "patient": "patient-10001",
  "encounter": "encounter-20001",
  "status": "completed",
  "assessmentDateTime": "2024-03-15T10:00:00Z",
  "assessor": "practitioner-30001",
  "problem": [
    {
      "system": "http://snomed.info/sct",
      "code": "44054006",
      "display": "Type 2 diabetes mellitus"
    }
  ],
  "investigation": [
    "HbA1c test",
    "Lipid panel",
    "Urinalysis for microalbuminuria"
  ],
  "protocol": [
    "ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes"
  ],
  "summary": "Initial assessment of newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes mellitus in a 52-year-old patient. HbA1c elevated at 8.2% with no evidence of microvascular complications at this time. Patient is motivated and appropriate candidate for initial lifestyle modification with metformin therapy. Comprehensive diabetes education initiated.",
  "finding": [
    "HbA1c 8.2%",
    "Fasting glucose 156 mg/dL",
    "BMI 31.5",
    "No retinopathy on fundoscopic exam",
    "Normal monofilament sensation bilateral feet"
  ],
  "prognosisCode": "good",
  "prognosisText": "With appropriate glycemic control, lifestyle modifications, and regular monitoring, patient has excellent prognosis for preventing diabetes-related complications. Early intervention provides opportunity for effective disease management.",
  "supportingInfo": [
    "Initial screening labs 2024-03-01"
  ],
  "action": [
    "Initiate metformin 500mg twice daily",
    "Refer to diabetes educator",
    "Schedule ophthalmology screening",
    "Recheck HbA1c in 3 months",
    "Provide glucose monitor and education"
  ],
  "note": "Patient works rotating shifts which may complicate medication adherence. Discussed strategies for managing diabetes with irregular schedule. Family history significant for diabetes in both parents.",
  "_comment": "isComplete: true, hasPrognosis: true"
}

Example 2

{
  "@type": "ClinicalAssessment",
  "patient": "patient-10002",
  "encounter": "encounter-20002",
  "status": "completed",
  "assessmentDateTime": "2024-03-16T14:30:00Z",
  "assessor": "practitioner-30002",
  "problem": [
    {
      "system": "http://snomed.info/sct",
      "code": "429098002",
      "display": "Chronic low back pain"
    },
    {
      "system": "http://snomed.info/sct",
      "code": "78667006",
      "display": "Radiculopathy"
    }
  ],
  "investigation": [
    "Lumbar spine MRI",
    "Neurological examination",
    "Pain assessment scale"
  ],
  "protocol": [
    "NICE Low Back Pain and Sciatica Guidelines"
  ],
  "summary": "Specialist orthopedic consultation for 45-year-old with chronic low back pain and left L5 radiculopathy. MRI demonstrates L4-L5 disc herniation with nerve root compression. Conservative management has been partially effective but symptoms persist affecting quality of life and work capacity. Patient is appropriate candidate for surgical evaluation given imaging findings and functional limitations.",
  "finding": [
    "MRI shows L4-L5 posterolateral disc herniation",
    "Left L5 dermatomal numbness",
    "Positive straight leg raise at 40 degrees left side",
    "Reduced ankle reflex left side",
    "Pain score 7/10 with current management"
  ],
  "prognosisCode": "fair",
  "prognosisText": "Moderate prognosis with current conservative management. Surgical intervention may provide significant symptom relief and functional improvement. Without intervention, risk of progressive neurological deficit and chronic pain syndrome.",
  "supportingInfo": [
    "Physical therapy notes 6-month course",
    "Previous lumbar spine X-ray 2023-10-15",
    "Pain management clinic records"
  ],
  "action": [
    "Refer to neurosurgery for surgical evaluation",
    "Continue current pain management regimen",
    "Provide work restrictions documentation",
    "Consider epidural steroid injection if surgery delayed",
    "Schedule follow-up after neurosurgery consultation"
  ],
  "note": "Patient works as construction supervisor with significant physical demands. Expressed willingness to proceed with surgery if recommended. Has tried physical therapy, NSAIDs, and epidural injection with temporary relief only.",
  "_comment": "isComplete: true, hasPrognosis: true"
}

Example 3

{
  "@type": "ClinicalAssessment",
  "patient": "patient-10003",
  "encounter": "encounter-20003",
  "status": "completed",
  "assessmentDateTime": "2024-03-17T09:15:00Z",
  "assessor": "practitioner-30003",
  "problem": [
    {
      "system": "http://snomed.info/sct",
      "code": "413838009",
      "display": "Chronic kidney disease stage 3"
    },
    {
      "system": "http://snomed.info/sct",
      "code": "38341003",
      "display": "Hypertensive disorder"
    },
    {
      "system": "http://snomed.info/sct",
      "code": "73211009",
      "display": "Diabetes mellitus"
    }
  ],
  "investigation": [
    "Serum creatinine and eGFR",
    "Urinalysis with ACR",
    "Comprehensive metabolic panel",
    "Lipid panel",
    "HbA1c"
  ],
  "protocol": [
    "KDIGO Clinical Practice Guidelines for CKD",
    "JNC 8 Hypertension Guidelines"
  ],
  "summary": "Complex case review of 68-year-old patient with multiple comorbidities including CKD stage 3, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. Current eGFR 42 mL/min/1.73m² with albuminuria indicating progressive kidney disease. Blood pressure and glycemic control suboptimal despite multiple medications. Comprehensive assessment reveals need for intensified management of all conditions to slow CKD progression and reduce cardiovascular risk. Multidisciplinary approach required involving nephrology, endocrinology, and nutrition services.",
  "finding": [
    "eGFR 42 mL/min/1.73m² (down from 48 six months ago)",
    "Urine ACR 450 mg/g (elevated)",
    "Blood pressure 152/88 mmHg",
    "HbA1c 8.1%",
    "Phosphate 4.8 mg/dL (upper normal)",
    "Potassium 5.2 mEq/L (slightly elevated)",
    "Anemia present - hemoglobin 10.2 g/dL"
  ],
  "prognosisCode": "guarded",
  "prognosisText": "Guarded prognosis given progressive decline in kidney function and suboptimal control of hypertension and diabetes. Risk of progression to end-stage renal disease is significant without aggressive intervention. Early preparation for possible renal replacement therapy may be necessary. Cardiovascular risk is elevated requiring intensive risk factor modification.",
  "supportingInfo": [
    "Nephrology consultation 2023-09-20",
    "Renal ultrasound 2024-01-10",
    "Previous eGFR trend analysis",
    "Diabetes management records"
  ],
  "action": [
    "Increase RAAS blockade for renoprotection",
    "Optimize blood pressure control - target <130/80",
    "Intensify diabetes management - consult endocrinology",
    "Initiate erythropoiesis-stimulating agent for anemia",
    "Refer to renal dietitian for CKD diet education",
    "Begin CKD education including future dialysis options",
    "Phosphate binder if levels rise further",
    "Close monitoring - labs every 6-8 weeks",
    "Refer to vascular surgery for fistula planning"
  ],
  "note": "Patient demonstrates good health literacy and is engaged in self-care. Family support system strong with daughter accompanying to appointments. Patient anxious about dialysis but willing to follow recommendations. Discussed advance care planning and will schedule separate conversation about goals of care.",
  "_comment": "isComplete: true, hasPrognosis: true"
}